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Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Grade (Industrial Grade and Food Grade), By Purity (> 99%, > 95% and > 80%), By Packet Size (100 MG, 1 G, 25 G, 100 G and 1 KG), By End-Use Industry (Chemical Industry, Flavor & Fragrance Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry and Others), and Regional Forecasts, 2023-2030

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The global 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market size was valued at USD 57.5 million in 2022. The market is projected to grow from USD 57.5 million in 2022 to USD 65.1 million by 2030, exhibiting a CAGR of 2.10% during the forecast period.
 
5-hydroxymethylfurfural is utilised in bioplastics and biobased resins. Due to its distinctive properties, it plays a significant role in the synthesis of fuels and polymers produced from biomass. A lot of work has gone into converting carbs into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. resulting in a growth of the market. Furthermore, in a variety of industries, including textile, construction, packaging, cosmetics, food, and health, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is used as a building block. It is also an active natural ingredient in nutraceuticals and dietary foods. Dried fruit, glucose syrup, honey, and coffee all naturally contain higher concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. As a food enhancement agent, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is frequently employed in the food industry as a flavouring ingredient for food items as well as a food additive as a biomarker. As a result, the expansion of the 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) market is anticipated to be driven by applications of 5-HMF across a variety of sectors.
 
RECESSION IMPACT

The 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market will be significantly impacted by the recession. Even though it is predicted that price inflation will decrease in 2023, a rise in interest rates would probably result in a significant slowdown in economic growth. Global inflation will drop from 8.8% in 2022 to 6.5% in 2019, according to IMF forecasts. Inflation is only expected to fall by 8.1% in 2023, which would provide less reassurance for developing economies. For a while, power and raw materials will be expensive. The partial reversal of globalisation, labour shortages in many Western nations that increase the cost of manufacturing, and the shift to a shared economy in reaction to the biggest threat to our species are additional variables that cause inflation.
 
DRIVING FACTORS

Increased Production of Biomass from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to Promote Market Growth

The primary intermediary in the synthesis of polymers and fuels produced from biomass has been identified as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. It has been extensively employed as a platform chemical in research and development. Due to its distinct characteristics, 5-HMF is one of the key compounds in biochemistry. It is also a main component in a number of potential goods. A promising use for 5-HMF is as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and as a chemical building block for 2,5-dimethylfuran, a liquid biofuel. Additionally, because 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural may be turned into 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), a biofuel with the potential to replace bioethanol due to its higher energy content, the demand for this substance is increasing.
 
RESTRAINING FACTORS

High Cost of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to Limit Market Growth

The cost of producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can become expensive due to changes in the price of a crucial raw material, such as maize cob, which could impede the market's growth in the near future. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is produced using feedstock. The price of a raw material, particularly corncob, can alter when the amount of that raw material changes. Due to rising raw material costs brought on by climate change, furfural prices have altered on the market. The market for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is severely constrained by the volatility of raw material prices and the lack of chemical penetration in industrialised nations.
 
SEGMENTATION

By Grade

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market By Grade
Based on grade, the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market is segmented into industrial grade and food grade. The food grade category dominated the market in 2022. As the level of 5-HMF increases for some products, such as wine or honey, which have been stored for extended periods of time or have undergone excessive heating during their production process, it is possible to evaluate the quality of food using HMF; therefore, its use is crucial for the purpose of food analysis.
 
By Purity

Based on purity, the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market is segmented into > 99%, > 95% and > 80%. The >99% category dominated the market in 2022. One of the most important bio-based platform chemicals for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The traditional production of 5-HMF from biomass has challenges such as a low yield and high cost of manufacturing. Because it can be transformed into a number of high-value chemicals, including 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, and 5-furandicarboxylic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), which is >99% pure, has recently attracted a lot of attention among biomass-based materials.
 
By Packet Size

Based on packet size, the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market is segmented into 100 MG, 1 G, 25 G, 100 G and 1 KG. The 100 G category dominated the market in 2022. In order to obtain high conversion and selectivity, 5-HMF is often created using the dehydration reaction of fructose in the presence of a catalyst; as a result, it is manufactured at a high cost. Thus, the 100 G packet size is preferred by market participants for the selling of 5-HMF.
 
By End-Use Industry

Based on end-use industry, the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market is segmented into chemical industry, flavor & fragrance industry, pharmaceutical industry and others. The pharmaceutical industry category dominated the market in 2022. Some of the reasons driving market expansion include the increased prevalence of chronic diseases and expanding R&D projects and activities in the pharmaceutical sector. For better drug candidate identification, emerging technologies like high throughput, bioinformatics, and combinatorial chemistry are being used more frequently.
 
REGIONAL INSIGHTS

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market By Region 
Europe is projected to hold the largest share of the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market over the forecast period. One of the world's top producers and consumers of bio-based chemicals is Europe. The market for bio-based chemicals in Europe is anticipated to expand significantly over the forecast period. One of the new "platform of chemicals" produced in the area from biomass is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). After being listed among the top 10 compounds derived from biomass, 5-HMF gained popularity throughout Europe. Moreover, "AVA BIOCHEM," a significant producer of 5-HMF, has its headquarters in this area. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural of both food- and industrial-grade is produced in the area. On the other hand, the Asia Pacific 5-hydroxymethylfurfural market is anticipated to grow significantly. In order to meet consumer demand, the region's expanding industrialization and urbanisation have increased the use of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and flavour and fragrance industries. China has the most PET consumers in the food and beverage packaging sector, followed by other Asian nations like Japan, South Korea, India, and Indonesia. Asia-Pacific nations have already begun looking for alternatives to PET and are making significant investments to assist the commercial research that is now being done. PEF (Polyethylene Furanoate), which is made indirectly from 5-HMF, is already being used in China.
 
LIST OF KEY COMPANIES PROFILED:
  • AVA Biochem
  • Robinson Brothers
  • Xuzhou Ruisai Technology
  • Penta Manufacturer
  • NBB Company
  • Wutong Aroma Chemicals
  • Sugar Energy
  • Beijing Lys Chemicals
REPORT SCOPE AND SEGMENTATION
 
Attributes Details
Market Size in 2022 USD 57.5 Million
Market Forecast in 2030 USD 65.1 Million
Compound Annual Growth Rate 2.10 %
Unit Revenue (USD Million) and Volume (Kilo Tons)
Segmentation By Grade, By Purity, By Packet Size, By End-Use Industry and By Geography
By Grade
  • Industrial Grade
  • Food Grade
By Purity
  • > 99%
  • > 95%
  • > 80%
By Packet Size
  • 100 MG
  • 1 G
  • 25 G
  • 100 G
  • 1 KG
By End-Use Industry
  • Chemical Industry
  • Flavor & Fragrance Industry
  • Pharmaceutical Industry
  • Others
By Region
  • North America: U.S and Canada
  • Europe: Germany, Italy, Russia, U.K, Spain, France, Rest of Europe
  • APAC: China, Australia, Japan, India, South Korea, South East Asia, Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Chile
  • The Middle East And Africa: South Africa, GCC, Rest of MEA
Base Year 2022
Historical Year 2016-2021
Forecast Year 2023-2030
Chapter 1    Preface

    1.1    Report Scope and Description
        1.1.1    Study Purpose
        1.1.2    Target Audience
        1.1.3    USP and Key Offerings
    1.2    Key Benefits for Stakeholders
    1.3    Report Scope

Chapter 2    Report Summary

    2.1    Key Findings
        2.1.1    Top Investment Pockets
    2.2    Market Snapshot: Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market
    2.3    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)

Chapter 3    COVID 19 Impact Analysis

    3.1    Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic, By Region
        3.1.1    North America: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.2    Europe: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.3    Asia pacific: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.4    Latin America: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.5    Middle-East and Africa: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
    3.2    Key Strategies Undertaken by Companies to Tackle COVID-19
    3.3    Quarterly Market Revenue by Region 2021 & 2022
    3.4    Pre COVID-19 Market Revenue, By Region, 2016-2019        (USD Million)
    3.5    Post COVID-19 Market Revenue, By Region, 2020-2028 (USD Million)
    3.6    Short Term Dynamics
    3.7    Long Term Dynamics

Chapter 4    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market, By Grade Segment Analysis

    4.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Overview, By Grade Segment
        4.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue Share, By Grade, 2022 & 2028 (Value, %)
    4.2    Industrial Grade
        4.2.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        4.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.3    Food Grade
        4.3.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        4.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
            
Chapter 5    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market, By Purity Segment Analysis

    5.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Overview, By Purity Segment
        5.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue Share, By Purity, 2022 & 2028 (Value, %)
    5.2    > 99%
        5.2.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        5.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    5.3    > 95%
        5.3.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        5.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    5.4    > 80%
        5.4.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        5.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
        
Chapter 6    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market, By Packet Size Segment Analysis

    6.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Overview, By Packet Size Segment
        6.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Value Share, By Packet Size, 2021 & 2028 (Value, %)
    6.2    100 MG
        6.2.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        6.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.3    1 G
        6.3.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        6.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.4    25 G
        6.4.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        6.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.5    100 G
        6.5.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.5.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        6.5.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.6    1 KG
        6.6.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.6.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2022 & 2028
        6.6.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
        
Chapter 7    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market, By End User Segment Analysis

    7.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Overview, By End User Segment
        7.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue Share, By End User, 2022 & 2028 (Value, %)
    7.2    Chemical Industry
        7.2.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        7.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        7.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    7.3    Flavor & Fragrance Industry
        7.3.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        7.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        7.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    7.4    Pharmaceutical Industry
        7.4.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        7.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        7.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    7.5    Others
        7.5.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        7.5.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2028
        7.5.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
        
Chapter 8    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market – Regional Analysis, 2022 – 2028

    8.1    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural market Overview, by Region Segment
        8.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural market Revenue Share, By Region, 2022 & 2028
        8.1.2    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Region, 2017 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.1.3    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural market Revenue, By Grade, 2017 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.1.4    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural market Revenue, By Purity, 2017 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.1.5    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2017 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.1.6    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2017 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
    8.2    North America
        8.2.1    North America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Country, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.2.2    North America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Grade, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.2.3    North America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Purity, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.2.4    North America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.2.5    North America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.2.6    U.S. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.2.7    Canada 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.2.8    Mexico 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    8.3    Europe
        8.3.1    Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Country, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.3.2    Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Grade, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.3.3    Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Purity, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.3.4    Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.3.5    Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.3.6    Germany 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.3.7    France 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.3.8    U.K. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.3.9    Italy 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.3.10    Spain 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.3.11    Rest of Europe 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    8.4    Asia Pacific
        8.4.1    Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Country, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.4.2    Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Grade, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.4.3    Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Purity, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.4.4    Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.4.5    Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.4.6    China 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.4.7    Japan 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.4.8    India 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.4.9    South Korea 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.4.10    South-East Asia 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.4.11    Rest of Asia Pacific 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    8.5    Latin America
        8.5.1    Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Country, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.5.2    Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Grade, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.5.3    Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Purity, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.5.4    Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.5.5    Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.5.6    Brazil 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.5.7    Argentina 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.5.8    Rest of Latin America 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    8.6    The Middle-East and Africa
        8.6.1    The Middle-East and Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Country, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)
        8.6.2    The Middle-East and Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Grade, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.6.3    The Middle-East and Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Purity, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.6.4    The Middle-East and Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By Packet Size, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.6.5    The Middle-East and Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, By End User, 2018 – 2028 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        8.6.6    GCC Countries 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.6.7    South Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        8.6.8    Rest of Middle-East Africa 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market Revenue, 2018 - 2028 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)

Chapter 9    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market – Industry Analysis

    9.1    Introduction
    9.2    Market Drivers
        9.2.1    Driving Factor 1 Analysis
        9.2.2    Driving Factor 2 Analysis
    9.3    Market Restraints
        9.3.1    Restraining Factor Analysis
    9.4    Market Opportunities
        9.4.1    Market Opportunity Analysis
    9.5    Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
    9.6    PEST Analysis
    9.7    Regulatory Landscape
    9.8    Technology Landscape
    9.9      Value Chain Analysis

Chapter 10    Competitive Landscape

    10.1    Company Market Share Analysis – 2022
        10.1.1    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural market: Company Market Share, 2022
        10.1.2    Global 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Market: Company Market Share, 2022
    10.2    Strategic Developments
        10.2.1    Acquisitions & Mergers
        10.2.2    New Product Launch
        10.2.3    Regional Expansion
    10.3    Company Strategic Developments – Heat Map Analysis

Chapter 11    Company Profiles

    11.1    AVA Biochem
        11.1.1    Company Overview
        11.1.2    Key Executives
        11.1.3    Product Portfolio
        11.1.4    Financial Overview
        11.1.5    Operating Business Segments
        11.1.6    Business Segment Performance
        11.1.7    Recent Developments
    11.2    Robinson Brothers
    11.3    Xuzhou Ruisai Technology
    11.4    Penta Manufacturer
    11.5    NBB Company
    11.6    Wutong Aroma Chemicals
    11.7    Sugar Energy
    11.8    Beijing Lys Chemicals

Chapter 12    Research Methodology

    12.1    Research Methodology
    12.2    Phase I – Secondary Research
    12.3    Phase II - Data Modeling
        12.3.1    Company Share Analysis Model
        12.3.2    Revenue Based Modelling
    12.4    Phase III – Primary Research
    12.5    Research Limitations
        12.5.1    Assumptions
No Methodology
No Available