Report

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Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Product (CPAP Devices, CPAP Humidifiers, CPAP Masks, Full Face Masks, Nasal Pillow Masks, Nasal Masks and Accessories), By Application (Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Respiratory Failures and Others), By End User (Hospitals, Clinics, Sleep Centers and Home care Settings), and Regional Forecasts, 2023-2030

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The global continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market size was valued at USD 5.2 billion in 2022. The market is projected to grow from USD 5.2 billion in 2022 to USD 7.8 billion by 2030, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.90% during the forecast period.
 
The rise in the number of start-ups driving innovation is one of the main factors anticipated to fuel the growth of the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) market during the forecast period. The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) industry is expected to develop due to the rising prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea. Moreover, it is predicted that the market for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) will expand more slowly due to the increased prevalence of respiratory disorders among the senior population. On the other hand, the market for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is expected to see growth challenges during the timeline due to the increased device costs.
 
COVID-19 IMPACT

This pandemic's rise has significantly negatively influenced the world economy, leading to instability in the environment and supply chain. The lack of ventilators has forced medical professionals to explore alternatives to provide respiratory therapy to COVID-19 patients, which has accelerated the introduction of CPAP equipment. Aerosolization has been minimized by the necessary adjustments to convert PAP devices to treat respiratory insufficiency. These elements significantly contribute to the market's successful development of airway pressure devices. ResMed recently announced initiatives to increase access to respiratory support devices for COVID-19 patients.
 
DRIVING FACTORS

Increasing Government Initiatives and Growing Global Sleep Apnea Burden to Promote Market Growth

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device demand has been rising steadily globally, providing market participants with a promising growth outlook throughout the forecast period. Heart conditions, obesity, diabetes, and depression are just a few health issues brought on by sleep apnea. Conversely, sleep apnea that is not treated might result in work-related accidents and decreased productivity. Over 350 million people experience sleep apnea worldwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The introduction of continuous positive airway pressure devices is consequently driven by rising awareness of sleep apnea and related concomitant diseases. Additionally, governments throughout the world are developing several programs to raise awareness of obstructive sleep apnea in an effort to combat its rising incidence, which is further boosting the market growth.
 
RESTRAINING FACTORS

The Expansion Of The Market Is Constrained By The High Cost Of CPAP Equipment

The price of a CPAP machine, a humidifier, a heated hose, a face mask or nasal mask, and a filter together makes up the total upfront cost of setting up a CPAP machine for a new patient. According to the brand, technology, and features of the equipment, the average cost of a CPAP machine, for instance, ranges from USD 250 to over USD 1,000. It is necessary to replace the CPAP machine every five years. The cost of treatment rises if the patient requires routine replacements of the heated tube, humidifier chamber, reusable filter, CPAP mask, cushion, and mask every 3 to 4 weeks or every 3 to 4 months.
 
SEGMENTATION

By Product

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market By Product
Based on the product, the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market is segmented into CPAP devices, CPAP humidifiers, CPAP masks, full face masks, nasal pillow masks, nasal masks and accessories. The CPAP devices category dominated the market in 2022 because more doctors are prescribing CPAP machines as the first line of treatment for individuals with sleep apnea. The segment is also significantly influenced by the low cost of the gadgets and technological improvements, which promote end-user adoption. For instance, InnAccel introduced the first portable neonatal CPAP device in the world in January 2019 to support severely ill infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The device addresses the nearly 160,000 premature infant deaths in India yearly by respiratory illnesses.
 
By Application

Based on application, the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market is segmented into obstructive sleep apnea, respiratory failures and others. The obstructive sleep apnea category dominated the market in 2022. The widespread usage of CPAP machines to treat Sleep Apnea and stop snoring is responsible for this dominance. Such patients' doctors might advise utilizing a CPAP machine. The market is expected to experience a growth in demand due to the rising prevalence of various health issues, creating profitable chances for the top players to expand their production and distribution capabilities to meet the soaring needs worldwide. Nearly 30 million adults in the United States, according to research by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, have obstructive sleep apnea. This chronic condition causes the upper airway to repeatedly collapse while you sleep and is thought to affect 40% to 60% of people with cardiovascular disease.
 
By End User

Based on end users, the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market is segmented into hospitals, clinics, sleep centers and home care settings. The hospital category dominated the market in 2022 because there are more private hospitals, and the reimbursement policies are good. With 7 to 8 beds in each lab, there were over 4,700 sleep centers in the United States in 2017. On the other hand, the home care setting category is anticipated to have a significant increase due to rising demand for CPAP equipment for home use.
 
REGIONAL INSIGHTS

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market By Region 
North America is projected to hold the largest share of the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market over the forecast period. Strong healthcare infrastructure and major healthcare businesses investing in R&D operations to address the rising prevalence of sleep apnea support the region. According to the American Sleep Association, 50 to 70 million Americans experience various sleep disorders yearly. On the other hand, the Asia Pacific continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices market is anticipated to grow significantly due to the soaring demand for technologically superior CPAP equipment in nations like South Korea and India, as well as the quickly expanding healthcare infrastructure, spending, and R&D activities. Rapid technological improvements, a growing geriatric population, and rising respiratory illnesses like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), TB, asthma, and sleep apnea drive market growth.
 
LIST OF KEY COMPANIES PROFILED:
  • Medtronic Plc.
  • Smiths Group plc.
  • Koninklijke Philips N.V.
  • Dragerwerk AG & Co.KGaA
  • Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
  • Hamilton Medical AG & Co.KGaA
  • Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
  • Hamilton Medical AG
  • ResMed Inc.
  • Devilbiss Healthcare LLC
  • 3B Medical,Inc
  • BMC Medical Co.Ltd
 
Recent Development:
  • April 2019: With a newly created nasal cradle cushion that fits under the user's nose, ResMed introduced AirFit N30i, its first top-of-head-connected nasal CPAP mask, across the U.S.
REPORT SCOPE AND SEGMENTATION
 
Attributes Details
Market Size in 2022 USD 5.2 Billion
Market Forecast in 2030 USD 7.8 Billion
Compound Annual Growth Rate 5.90%
Unit Revenue (USD Million) and Volume (Kilo Tons)
Segmentation By Product, By Application, By End User and By Geography
By Product
  • CPAP Devices
  • CPAP Humidifiers
  • CPAP Masks
  • Full Face Masks
  • Nasal Pillow Masks
  • Nasal Masks
  • Accessories
By Application
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Respiratory Failures
  • Others
By End User
  • Hospitals
  • Clinics
  • Sleep Centers
  • Home care Settings
By Region
  • North America: U.S and Canada
  • Europe: Germany, Italy, Russia, U.K, Spain, France, Rest of Europe
  • APAC: China, Australia, Japan, India, South Korea, South East Asia, Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Chile
  • The Middle East And Africa: South Africa, GCC, Rest of MEA
Base Year 2022
Historical Year 2016-2021
Forecast Year 2023-2030
Chapter 1    Preface

    1.1    Report Scope and Description
        1.1.1    Study Purpose
        1.1.2    Target Audience
        1.1.3    USP and Key Offerings
    1.2    Key Benefits for Stakeholders
    1.3    Report Scope

Chapter 2    Report Summary

    2.1    Key Findings
        2.1.1    Top Investment Pockets
    2.2    Market Snapshot: Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market
    2.3    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)

Chapter 3    COVID 19 Impact Analysis

    3.1    Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic, By Region
        3.1.1    North America: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.2    Europe: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.3    Asia pacific: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.4    Latin America: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
        3.1.5    Middle-East and Africa: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
    3.2    Key Strategies Undertaken by Companies to Tackle COVID-19
    3.3    Quarterly Market Revenue by Region 2021 & 2023
    3.4    Pre COVID-19 Market Revenue, By Region, 2016-2019        (USD Million)
    3.5    Post COVID-19 Market Revenue, By Region, 2020-2030 (USD Million)
    3.6    Short Term Dynamics
    3.7    Long Term Dynamics

Chapter 4    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market, By Product Segment Analysis

    4.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Overview, By Product Segment
        4.1.1    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue Share, By Product, 2023 & 2030 (Value, %)
    4.2    CPAP Devices
        4.2.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.3    CPAP Humidifiers
        4.3.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.4    CPAP Masks
        4.4.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.5    Full Face Masks
        4.5.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.5.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.5.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.6    Nasal Pillow Masks
        4.6.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.6.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.6.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.7    Nasal Masks
        4.7.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.7.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.7.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    4.8    Accessories
        4.8.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        4.8.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2021 & 2030
        4.8.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
        
Chapter 5    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market, By Application Segment Analysis

    5.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Overview, By Application Segment
        5.1.1    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue Share, By Application, 2023 & 2030 (Value, %)
    5.2    Obstructive Sleep Apnea
        5.2.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        5.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    5.3    Respiratory Failures
        5.3.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        5.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    5.4    Others
        5.4.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        5.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        5.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
        
Chapter 6    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market, By End User Segment Analysis

    6.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Overview, By End User Segment
        6.1.1    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Value Share, By End User, 2021 & 2030 (Value, %)
    6.2    Hospitals
        6.2.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.2.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        6.2.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.3    Clinics
        6.3.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.3.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        6.3.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.4    Sleep Centers
        6.4.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.4.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        6.4.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
    6.5    Home care Settings
        6.5.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Share Forecast, By Region (USD Million)
        6.5.2    Comparative Revenue Analysis, By Country, 2023 & 2030
        6.5.3    Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, & Opportunities
            
Chapter 7    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market – Regional Analysis, 2023 – 2030

    7.1    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices market Overview, by Region Segment
        7.1.1    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices market Revenue Share, By Region, 2023 & 2030
        7.1.2    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Region, 2017 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.1.3    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices market Revenue, By Product, 2017 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.1.4    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices market Revenue, By Application, 2017 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.1.5    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2017 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
    7.2    North America
        7.2.1    North America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Country, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.2.2    North America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Product, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.2.3    North America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Application, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.2.4    North America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.2.5    U.S. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.2.6    Canada Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.2.7    Mexico Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    7.3    Europe
        7.3.1    Europe Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Country, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.3.2    Europe Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Product, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.3.3    Europe Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Application, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.3.4    Europe Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.3.5    Germany Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.3.6    France Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.3.7    U.K. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.3.8    Italy Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.3.9    Spain Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.3.10    Rest of Europe Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    7.4    Asia Pacific
        7.4.1    Asia Pacific Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Country, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.4.2    Asia Pacific Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Product, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.4.3    Asia Pacific Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Application, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.4.4    Asia Pacific Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.4.5    China Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.4.6    Japan Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.4.7    India Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.4.8    South Korea Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.4.9    South-East Asia Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.4.10    Rest of Asia Pacific Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    7.5    Latin America
        7.5.1    Latin America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Country, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.5.2    Latin America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Product, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.5.3    Latin America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Application, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.5.4    Latin America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.5.5    Brazil Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.5.6    Argentina Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.5.7    Rest of Latin America Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
    7.6    The Middle-East and Africa
        7.6.1    The Middle-East and Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Country, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)
        7.6.2    The Middle-East and Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Product, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.6.3    The Middle-East and Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By Application, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.6.4    The Middle-East and Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, By End User, 2019 – 2030 (US$ Mn)/(Kilo Tons)
        7.6.5    GCC Countries Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.6.6    South Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)
        7.6.7    Rest of Middle-East Africa Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market Revenue, 2019 - 2030 (US$ Mn)/ (Kilo Tons)

Chapter 8    Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market – Industry Analysis

    8.1    Introduction
    8.2    Market Drivers
        8.2.1    Driving Factor 1 Analysis
        8.2.2    Driving Factor 2 Analysis
    8.3    Market Restraints
        8.3.1    Restraining Factor Analysis
    8.4    Market Opportunities
        8.4.1    Market Opportunity Analysis
    8.5    Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
    8.6    PEST Analysis
    8.7    Regulatory Landscape
    8.8    Technology Landscape
    8.9    Value Chain Analysis

Chapter 9    Competitive Landscape

    9.1    Company Market Share Analysis – 2023
        9.1.1    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices market: Company Market Share, 2023
        9.1.2    Global Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Devices Market: Company Market Share, 2023
    9.2    Strategic Developments
        9.2.1    Acquisitions & Mergers
        9.2.2    New Product Launch
        9.2.3    Regional Expansion
    9.3    Company Strategic Developments – Heat Map Analysis

Chapter 10    Company Profiles

    10.1    Medtronic Plc.
        10.1.1    Company Overview
        10.1.2    Key Executives
        10.1.3    Product Portfolio
        10.1.4    Financial Overview
        10.1.5    Operating Business Segments
        10.1.6    Business Segment Performance
        10.1.7    Recent Developments
    10.2    Smiths Group plc.
    10.3    Koninklijke Philips N.V.
    10.4    Dragerwerk AG & Co.KGaA
    10.5    Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
    10.6    Hamilton Medical AG & Co.KGaA
    10.7    Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
    10.8    Hamilton Medical AG
    10.9    ResMed Inc.
    10.10    Devilbiss Healthcare LLC
    10.11    3B Medical,Inc
    10.12    BMC Medical Co.Ltd
    
Chapter 11    Research Methodology

    11.1    Research Methodology
    11.2    Phase I – Secondary Research
    11.3    Phase II - Data Modeling
        11.3.1    Company Share Analysis Model
        11.3.2    Revenue Based Modeling
    11.4    Phase III – Primary Research
    11.5    Research Limitations
        11.5.1    Assumptions
No Methodology
No Available